Effectiveness of the Combined Use of a Brain-Machine Interface System and Virtual Reality as a Therapeutic Approach in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review.

Spinal cord injury has a major impact on both the individual and society. This damage can cause permanent loss of sensorimotor functions, leading to structural and functional changes in somatotopic regions of the spinal cord. The combined use of a brain-machine interface and virtual reality offers a therapeutic alternative to be considered in the treatment of this pathology. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined use of virtual reality and the brain-machine interface in the treatment of spinal cord injuries. A search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Scopus, and Medline, including articles published from the beginning of each database until January 2023. Articles were selected based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess the risk of bias and the PEDro scale and SCIRE systems were used to evaluate the methodological quality of the studies. Eleven articles were selected from a total of eighty-two. Statistically significant changes were found in the upper limb, involving improvements in shoulder and upper arm mobility, and weaker muscles were strengthened. In conclusion, most of the articles analyzed used the electroencephalogram as a measurement instrument for the assessment of various parameters, and most studies have shown improvements. Nonetheless, further research is needed with a larger sample size and long-term follow-up to establish conclusive results regarding the effect size of these interventions.

Virtual Reality for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Patients With Obstetric Brachial Palsy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Obstetric brachial palsy (OBP) is a pathology caused by complications during childbirth because of cervical spine elongation, affecting the motor and sensory innervation of the upper limbs. The most common lesion occurs on the C5 and C6 nerve branches, known as Erb-Duchenne palsy. The least common lesion is when all nerve roots are affected (C5-T1), which has the worst prognosis. Virtual reality (VR) is commonly used in neurological rehabilitation for the evaluation and treatment of physical deficits. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to assess the efficacy of VR in the rehabilitation of upper limb function in patients with OBP. METHODS: A search was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 guidelines in several scientific databases-PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, Cochrane, MEDLINE, Scopus, and CINAHL-without language or date restrictions and including articles published up to April 2023. The inclusion criteria were established according to the population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study (PICOS) design framework: children aged <18 years diagnosed with OBP, VR therapy used in addition to conventional therapy or isolated, VR therapy compared with conventional therapy, outcomes related to OBP rehabilitation therapy, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the RCTs, and the Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias. The Review Manager statistical software (version 5.4; The Cochrane Collaboration) was used to conduct the meta-analysis. The results were synthesized through information extraction and presented in tables and forest plots. RESULTS: In total, 5 RCTs were included in this systematic review, with 3 (60%) providing information for the meta-analysis. A total of 138 participants were analyzed. All the studies used semi-immersive or nonimmersive VR systems. The statistical analysis showed no favorable results for all outcomes except for the hand-to-mouth subtest of the Mallet scoring system (functional activity; standardized mean difference -0.97, 95% CI -1.67 to -0.27; P=.007). CONCLUSIONS: The evidence for the use of VR therapy for upper limb rehabilitation outcomes in patients with OBP was insufficient to support its efficacy and strongly recommend its use. Nevertheless, scientific literature supports the use of VR technologies for rehabilitation as it provides several advantages, such as enhancing the patient's motivation, providing direct feedback, and focusing the patient's attention during the intervention. Thus, the use of VR for upper limb rehabilitation in patients with OBP is still in its first stages. Small sample sizes; limited long-term analysis; lack of testing of different doses; and absence of International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health-related outcomes were present in the included RCTs, so further research is needed to fully understand the potential of VR technologies as a therapeutic approach for patients with OBP. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022314264; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=314264.

Long-term Kidney Function Evolution in Living Kidney Donors: A Single Center Experience.

Living donor kidney transplant is the best treatment for end-stage kidney disease, posing minimal perioperative morbimortality for the donor, although long-term consequences are subject of debate if donor acceptance widens. We present a retrospective observational study analyzing clinical, demographic, and analytical variables throughout the follow-up period of 60 kidney donors whose procedures were performed between 1985 and 2021 at our hospital. Donors were divided according to their previous high blood pressure status, analyzing kidney function and other clinical parameters throughout follow-up. There were no statistically significant differences, although there was a trend toward a higher uric acid levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in predonation patients with hypertension, not yielding an excess of end-stage kidney disease between groups at the end of the follow-up. We also analyzed the evolution of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), dividing patients into tertiles, which resulted in none of the parameters associating a higher rate of progression. All donors had an eGFR >71 mL/min/1.73 m2 at the time of donation. Over time, a decline in eGFR <60 mL/min/m/1.73 m2 was observed in 26 patients (53.6%), measured by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration estimation and in 55.4% of the total (31 patients) by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease. At our center, kidney donors with adequate predonation eGFR, although presenting a reduction in postnephrectomy eGFR, remain stable afterward, with none of them reaching an eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2. We found no differences in the impact of high blood pressure on long-term eGFR, nor predictive factors influencing the rate of eGFR decline. Studies with larger number of patients are needed to confirm these results.

Second and Third Chance to Stop Having Diabetes. Pancreas Retransplant With Functional Kidney Graft: A Single-Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: Simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplant is the primary option in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus who develop end-stage kidney disease. Pancreas retransplant (PRt) has become an alternative in patients who experience pancreas graft failure (PGF). There is a lack of evidence regarding PRt in international registers. There are small series of published research with indeed heterogeneous results. We aim to compare PRt outcomes with primary SPK transplant in our center. METHODS: The study was designed as a descriptive study of a cohort of 234 patients who received SPK transplant and received another PRt because of PGF at Reina Sofía University Hospital between 1988 and 2021. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to calculate patient and allograft survival. RESULTS: Of these 234 SPK transplants, 53 pancreas grafts (22.6%) were lost initially. In total, 15 PRts were performed. The major cause of first PGF was surgical, whereas the medical cause was the most frequent in the PRt group. There were 60 deaths in the SPK group compared with only 1 in the PRt group. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, the PRt group showed worse survival than the SPK group, with statistically significant difference between groups (P = .05). Patient survival was not different between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: PRt constitutes a viable option for recipients who experience PGF in the absence of formal contraindication. Although graft retransplant survival seems to be inferior to first graft in our series, these results are difficult to compare because of the scarce number of procedures performed.

A Therapeutic Approach Using the Combined Application of Virtual Reality with Robotics for the Treatment of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) has been associated with high mortality rates. Thanks to the multidisciplinary vision and approach of SCI, including the application of new technologies in the field of neurorehabilitation, people with SCI can survive and prosper after injury. The main aim of this systematic review was to analyze the effectiveness of the combined use of VR and robotics in the treatment of patients with SCI. The literature search was performed between May and July 2021 in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), PubMed, and Web of Science. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the SCIRE system and the PEDro scale, whereas the risk of bias was analyzed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. A total of six studies, involving 63 participants, were included in this systematic review. Relevant changes were found in the upper limbs, with improvements of shoulder and upper arm mobility, as well as the strengthening of weaker muscles. Combined rehabilitation may be a valuable approach to improve motor function in SCI patients. Nonetheless, further research is necessary, with a larger patient sample and a longer duration.

Exergaming for Physical Therapy in Patients with Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized-Controlled Trials.

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials was to analyze the effectiveness of exergaming on motor outcomes compared with control in patients with Down syndrome. The systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was performed up to July 2021 in the following scientific databases: PubMed, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, BioMed Central, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). The study eligibility criteria were previously established according to the PICOS model. The PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies, and the Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess the risk of bias. A meta-analysis using standardized mean difference (SMD) and confidence interval (95% CI) was performed using the Review Manager 5.4 software. Eight articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Statistical analysis showed favorable results for exergaming on balance (SMD = 2.72; 95% CI = 1.68-3.76), functional mobility (SMD = 4.14; 95% CI = 3.69-4.59), and muscle strength (SMD = 6.40; 95% CI = 2.68-10.11). No conclusive results were found on aerobic endurance. In conclusion, the results show the potential benefits of exergaming to recover motor outcomes in patients with Down syndrome, specifically, in balance, functional mobility, and muscle strength. We encourage researchers and clinicians to integrate exergaming in clinical settings since it is an inexpensive and easily accessible therapy for different populations, and it could be a useful tool within the physical therapy interventions in patients with Down syndrome. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021238335.

Hospital Management and Ambulatory Patient Care After COVID-19 Infection in Kidney Transplant.

BACKGROUND: A large number of registries have been collected for kidney transplant recipients infected with COVID-19. METHODS: From March 2020 to April 2021, our team conducted an observational study, which included all patients who showed a polymerase chain reaction positive for COVID-19. Patients were divided into 2 groups: patients who required ambulatory care and patients who needed hospital admission. RESULTS: A total of 76 kidney transplant recipients were infected with COVID-19. A total of 33% required hospital admission and 65% received ambulatory treatment; 28% of our patients were asymptomatic and 6.8% died. Immunosuppressive treatment was modified in both study groups, and there were not any acute rejection episodes or changes in the human leukocyte antigen antibodies profile in our patients during our clinical trial. CONCLUSIONS: In our study there was a significant percentage of patients who did not require hospital admission compared with other studies. In addition, we think that the reduction of immunosuppression can be a safe and reliable treatment.

First Report in the Literature of Biopsy-Proven Noncollapsing Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Relapse in a Second Renal Transplant Presenting With Thrombotic Microangiopathy: A Case Report.

Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a podocytopathy with an irregular response to immunosuppressive therapies. FSGS relapse occurs in 30% to 80% of kidney grafts, and poor survival outcomes include large proteinuria and the nephrotic syndrome's cardinal clinical features. Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is caused by endothelial injury due to complement dysregulation including acute kidney injury, proteinuria, and severe hypertension common renal presentations. Both pathologies have well-described genetic forms, but their relationship remains uncertain. FSGS lesions can be found in kidney biopsy specimens in patients with TMA, and TMA has been reported in patients with collapsing glomerulopathy. However, this combination has not been clearly described in renal transplant recipients. We present the case of a 22-year-old man who received his second kidney allograft and developed an early graft disfunction with nephrotic syndrome and clinical TMA. His background was remarkable for primary, biopsy-confirmed FSGS in childhood, and he started hemodialysis in 2006 and received a living donor kidney graft the same year. He presented with a FSGS relapse with malignant hypertension and seizures in the first posttransplant month and had an irregular response to plasma exchange and rituximab, and dialysis was reinitiated 10 years later. A total of 3 biopsies were performed after his second kidney transplant showing the evolution of a FSGS relapse with histologic and clinical TMA in the absence of identified genetic mutations. Partial responses to treatments with plasma exchange, eculizumab, and rituximab were obtained, but the allograft was lost after 26 months. This case is the first report of concomitant FSGS and TMA in a renal transplant recipient.

Case Report: Successful Response to Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Steroid Pulses in a Renal Transplant Recipient With Severe Covid-19 Disease and Associated Acute Allograft Failure.

The impact of Covid-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 on transplanted populations under chronic immunosuppression seems to be greater than in normal population. Clinical management of the disease, particularly in those patients worsening after a cytokine storm, with or without allograft impairment and using available therapeutic approaches in the absence of specific drugs to fight against the virus, involves a major challenge for physicians. We herein provide evidence of the usefulness of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) combined with steroid pulses to successfully treat a case of Covid-19 pneumonia in a single-kidney transplanted patient with mechanical ventilation and hemodialysis requirements in the setting of a cytokine storm. A rapid decrease in the serum level of inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-10, as well as of acute-phase reactants such as ferritin, D-dimer and C-reactive protein was observed after the IVIG infusion and methylprednisolone bolus administration with a parallel clinical improvement and progressive allograft function recovery, allowing the patient's final discharge 40 days after the treatment onset. The immunomodulatory effect of IVIG together with the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive potential of steroids could be an alternative strategy to treat severe cases of Covid-19 pneumonia associated with an uncontrolled inflammatory response in transplanted populations.

Virtual Reality Systems for Upper Limb Motor Function Recovery in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) usually present with different motor impairments, including a deterioration of upper limb motor function (ULMF), that limit their performance of activities of daily living and reduce their quality of life. Virtual reality (VR) is being used in neurological rehabilitation for the assessment and treatment of the physical impairments of this condition. OBJECTIVE: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of VR on ULMF in patients with SCI compared with conventional physical therapy. METHODS: The search was performed from October to December 2019 in Embase, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, Medline, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), PubMed, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The inclusion criteria of selected studies were as follows: (1) comprised adults with SCI, (2) included an intervention with VR, (3) compared VR intervention with conventional physical therapy, (4) reported outcomes related to ULMF, and (5) was a controlled clinical trial. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias. The RevMan 5.3 statistical software was used to obtain the meta-analysis according to the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% CIs. RESULTS: Six articles were included in this systematic review. Four of them contributed information to the meta-analysis. A total of 105 subjects were analyzed. All of the studies used semi-immersive or nonimmersive VR systems. The statistical analysis showed nonsignificant results for the Nine-Hole Peg Test (SMD -0.93, 95% CI -1.95 to 0.09), muscle balance test (SMD -0.27, 95% CI -0.82 to 0.27), Motricity Index (SMD 0.16, 95% CI -0.37 to 0.68), Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT) subtests (writing, SMD -0.10, 95% CI -4.01 to 3.82; simulated page turning, SMD -0.99, 95% CI -2.01 to 0.02; simulated feeding, SMD -0.64, 95% CI -1.61 to 0.32; stacking checkers, SMD 0.99, 95% CI -0.02 to 2.00; picking up large light objects, SMD -0.42, 95% CI -1.37 to 0.54; and picking up large heavy objects, SMD 0.52, 95% CI -0.44 to 1.49), range of motion of shoulder abduction/adduction (SMD -0.23, 95% CI -1.48 to 1.03), shoulder flexion/extension (SMD 0.56, 95% CI -1.24 to 2.36), elbow flexion (SMD -0.36, 95% CI -1.14 to 0.42), elbow extension (SMD -0.21, 95% CI -0.99 to 0.57), wrist extension (SMD 1.44, 95% CI -2.19 to 5.06), and elbow supination (SMD -0.18, 95% CI -1.80 to 1.44). Favorable results were found for the JTHFT subtest picking up small common objects (SMD -1.33, 95% CI -2.42 to -0.24). CONCLUSIONS: The current evidence for VR interventions to improve ULMF in patients with SCI is limited. Future studies employing immersive systems to identify the key aspects that increase the clinical impact of VR interventions are needed, as well as research to prove the benefits of the use of VR in the rehabilitation of patients with SCI in the clinical setting.

C3 glomerulonephritis associated with monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance: case report.

BACKGROUND: Morbidity associated with monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance is high due to the severe renal lesions and the associated systemic alterations. Accordingly, early diagnosis is fundamental, as is stopping the clonal production of immunoglobulins using specific chemotherapy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 75-year-old man with chronic renal disease of unknown origin since 2010 experienced rapid worsening of renal function over a period of 6 mos. Bone marrow biopsy showed monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Kidney biopsy showed the presence of C3 glomerulonephritis, with exclusive deposits of C3 visible on immunofluorescence and a membranoproliferative pattern on light microscopy. Skin biopsy showed endothelial deposition of complement. Given both the renal and cutaneous involvement the patient was considered to have monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance. We considered an underlying pathogenic mechanism for the renal alteration secondary to activation of the alternative complement pathway by the anomalous immunoglobulin. Despite treatment with plasmapheresis, bortezomib and steroids, advanced chronic kidney disease developed. CONCLUSIONS: The possible underlying cause of the monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance suggests that monoclonal gammopathy should be considered in adult patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.

Papel de la denervación simpática de arterias renales en un paciente con hipertensión arterial refractaria / Role of renal sympathetic denervation in a refractory arterial hypertension patient

A pesar de los progresos en el tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión arterial (HTA) y el empleo de múltiples fármacos antihipertensivos, un pequeño pero significativo porcentaje de los pacientes con HTA refractaria severa verdadera continúa sin alcanzar su objetivo de control tensional. En estos casos, la denervación simpática renal (DNSR) parece mostrarse como un método seguro y eficaz para aquellos pacientes hipertensos severos refractarios al tratamiento farmacológico múltiple. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 52 años de edad diagnosticado de HTA esencial refractaria a tratamiento con 7 fármacos antihipertensivos. Tras 10 ingresos hospitalarios sin conseguir un adecuado control de las cifras de presión arterial, decidimos plantear la DNSR como coadyuvante al tratamiento médico. El procedimiento se realizó sin complicaciones a corto y medio plazo, consiguiéndose una mejoría significativa de las cifras tensionales, con el objetivo de disminuir su riesgo vascular global (AU)

Despite advances in the pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension (AHT) and the use of multiple antihypertensive drugs, a small but significant percentage of true severe refractory arterial hypertension patients are still not reaching their target blood pressure. In these cases, renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) seems to be a safe and effective method for severe hypertensive patients who are resistant to multiple drug treatment. We present the case of a 52-year-old patient diagnosed with essential hypertension, resistant to treatment with seven antihypertensive drugs. After 10 hospitalisations without achieving adequate blood pressure control, we decided to propose renal sympathetic denervation as an addition to medical treatment. The procedure was performed without complications in the short to medium-long term, achieving a significant improvement in blood pressure with the intention of reducing overall vascular risk (AU)

Role of renal sympathetic denervation in a refractory arterial hypertension patient.

Despite advances in the pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension (AHT) and the use of multiple antihypertensive drugs, a small but significant percentage of true severe refractory arterial hypertension patients are still not reaching their target blood pressure. In these cases, renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) seems to be a safe and effective method for severe hypertensive patients who are resistant to multiple drug treatment. We present the case of a 52-year-old patient diagnosed with essential hypertension, resistant to treatment with seven antihypertensive drugs. After 10 hospitalisations without achieving adequate blood pressure control, we decided to propose renal sympathetic denervation as an addition to medical treatment. The procedure was performed without complications in the short to medium-long term, achieving a significant improvement in blood pressure with the intention of reducing overall vascular risk.

Haemodialysis using high cut-off dialysers for treating acute renal failure in multiple myeloma.

INTRODUCTION: Acute renal failure (ARF) occurs in 12%-20% of all multiple myeloma (MM) cases, and the survival of these patients depends on renal function recovery. Renal function is not recovered in 75% of dialysis-dependent patients, and their mean survival with replacement therapy is less than one year. Renal tubular disease is the most frequent cause of renal failure. It is present in more than 55% of renal failure cases and in 75% of those requiring dialysis. Rapid reduction of free light chain levels in the blood is necessary in order to recover renal function. One coadjuvant measure in treating the disease is reducing light chain levels with plasmapheresis, but its efficacy has not yet been clearly proven. Our proposal was therefore to use extended haemodialysis sessions with high cut-off dialysers (HCO-HD), obtaining a recovery rate of more than 60%. We present the progress of 6 patients with myeloma and acute renal failure who were treated with HCO-HD and the complications associated with using this type of haemodialysis. Then, we review the pros and cons of this technique. METHOD: Six patients diagnosed with MM and ARF requiring dialysis and with serum free light chain levels above 500 mg/l were treated with 8-hour haemodialysis sessions with an HCO-HD filter. Before and after each session, serum free light chain levels were measured by nephelometry; other parameters were recorded as well. At the same time, patients underwent chemotherapy according to protocols. RESULTS: The symptom onset times of the 3 men and 3 women diagnosed with MM and ARF were highly variable, from 7 days to more than 1 year. We performed 90 extended sessions with HCO-HD filters, and each patient underwent between 6 and 40 sessions. Free light chain levels decreased by a mean of 65% between treatment onset and completion, except in one patient who experienced a 12.6% reduction. The mean percentage of reduction of light chain levels per session was 54.98% ± 17.27%. A complication occurred during 28% of the sessions. Of these complications, 48% were due to system coagulation. There were no major changes in pre-dialysis albumin, calcium, phosphorous or magnesium levels, although lower values that were not clinically relevant were recorded in one case. Renal function was recovered in 3 patients, they are alive and dialysis-free. In biopsied cases that recovered renal function, the specimen showed tubular nephropathy only. Those patients who took longer to be diagnosed did not recover their renal function, and when biopsied, they were diagnosed with renal tubular disease and light chain deposition disease. CONCLUSION: We found extended haemodialysis with HCO-HD filters to be a reasonable alternative in ARF caused by renal tubular disease, and achieved a recovery rate of 50% in our cases. Function recovery was influenced by the elapsed time between symptom onset and myeloma diagnosis, histological findings, promptness of starting chemotherapy, response to chemotherapy, and effectiveness of light chain extraction. In any case, further studies are needed to examine new chemotherapy agents and new direct free light chain removal techniques.

Tratamiento con hemodiálisis del fracaso renal agudo en el mieloma múltiple con filtros de alto poro (high cut-off) / Haemodialysis using high cut-off dialysers for treating acute renal failure in multiple myeloma

Introducción: El fracaso renal agudo (FRA) en el mieloma múltiple (MM) se presenta entre el 12-20% de los casos y la supervivencia de estos pacientes depende de la recuperación de la función renal. El 75% de los pacientes dependientes de diálisis no recuperan la función renal y su supervivencia media en situación de tratamiento sustitutivo es inferior al año. La nefropatía por cilindros es la causa más frecuente de fracaso renal y acontece en más del 55% de los casos, y en el 75% de aquellos que requieren diálisis. Para facilitar la recuperación de la función renal es imprescindible la disminución rápida de los niveles en sangre de cadenas ligeras. Una medida coadyuvante al tratamiento específico de la enfermedad ha sido la reducción de estas cadenas ligeras con plasmaféresis, sin que se haya demostrado claramente su eficacia, por lo que se ha propuesto el uso de hemodiálisis largas con filtros de alto poro (HCO), consiguiendo una tasa de recuperación superior al 60%. Presentamos la evolución en seis casos de pacientes con mieloma y fracaso renal agudo que fueron tratados con dichos filtros HCO, las complicaciones con este tipo de hemodiálisis y revisamos los pros y los contras de esta técnica. Metodología: Seis pacientes diagnosticados de MM y FRA con necesidad de diálisis y niveles circulantes de cadena ligera por encima de 500 mg/l fueron tratados con hemodiálisis de 8 horas con filtro HCO. Al comienzo y al final de cada sesión se medían las cadenas ligeras séricas por nefelometría, así como otros parámetros. Al mismo tiempo los pacientes fueron tratados con quimioterapia según protocolos. Resultados: A tres hombres y tres mujeres diagnosticados de MM y FRA, con inicio de los síntomas muy variable, desde 7 días a más de un año, se les realizó 90 sesiones de hemodiálisis largas con filtros HCO con un rango de entre 6 y 40 sesiones. El porcentaje de reducción de las cadenas ligeras desde el inicio del tratamiento hasta su finalización fue el 65% de media, excepto en un paciente, que fue del 12,6%. La media del porcentaje de reducción de la cadena ligera por sesión fue de 54,98 ± 17,27%. En el 28% de las sesiones se registró alguna complicación. El 48% de las complicaciones se debieron a la coagulación del sistema. No hubo grandes cambios en los niveles de albúmina prediálisis, calcio, fósforo y magnesio, aunque en algún caso se registraron valores disminuidos que no comportaron relevancia clínica. En tres pacientes la función renal se recuperó y permanecen vivos e independientes de la diálisis. En los casos biopsiados y que recuperaron función renal, la nefropatía por cilindros fue pura. Los pacientes que tardaron más en ser diagnosticados fueron los pacientes que no recuperaron función renal, y cuando se les efectuó biopsia el diagnóstico fue de nefropatía por cilindros más enfermedad por depósitos. Conclusión: En nuestra experiencia, la hemodiálisis larga con filtros HCO es una alternativa razonable en el FRA causado por nefropatía por cilindros, alcanzando en nuestros casos una tasa de recuperación del 50%. En la recuperación influyeron: el tiempo transcurrido desde el inicio de los síntomas al diagnóstico de mieloma, los hallazgos histológicos, la rapidez de instauración del tratamiento quimioterápico y su respuesta y la eficacia en la extracción de cadenas ligeras. En cualquier caso, son necesarios nuevos estudios con nuevos agentes quimioterápicos y las nuevas técnicas de extracción directa de cadenas ligeras (AU)

Introduction: Acute renal failure (ARF) occurs in 12%-20% of all multiple myeloma (MM) cases, and the survival of these patients depends on renal function recovery. Renal function is not recovered in 75% of dialysis-dependent patients, and their mean survival with replacement therapy is less than one year. Renal tubular disease is the most frequent cause of renal failure. It is present in more than 55% of renal failure cases and in 75% of those requiring dialysis. Rapid reduction of free light chain levels in the blood is necessary in order to recover renal function. One coadjuvant measure in treating the disease is reducing light chain levels with plasmapheresis, but its efficacy has not yet been clearly proven. Our proposal was therefore to use extended haemodialysis sessions with high cut-off dialysers (HCO-HD), obtaining a recovery rate of more than 60%. We present the progress of 6 patients with myeloma and acute renal failure who were treated with HCO-HD and the complications associated with using this type of haemodialysis. Then, we review the pros and cons of this technique. Method: Six patients diagnosed with MM and ARF requiring dialysis and with serum free light chain levels above 500mg/l were treated with 8-hour haemodialysis sessions with an HCO-HD filter. Before and after each session, serum free light chain levels were measured by nephelometry; other parameters were recorded as well. At the same time, patients underwent chemotherapy according to protocols. Results: The symptom onset times of the 3 men and 3 women diagnosed with MM and ARF were highly variable, from 7 days to more than 1 year. We performed 90 extended sessions with HCO-HD filters, and each patient underwent between 6 and 40 sessions. Free light chain levels decreased by a mean of 65% between treatment onset and completion, except in one patient who experienced a 12.6% reduction. The mean percentage of reduction of light chain levels per session was 54.98%±17.27%. A complication occurred during 28% of the sessions. Of these complications, 48% were due to system coagulation. There were no major changes in pre-dialysis albumin, calcium, phosphorous or magnesium levels, although lower values that were not clinically relevant were recorded in one case. Renal function was recovered in 3 patients, they are alive and dialysis-free. In biopsied cases that recovered renal function, the specimen showed tubular nephropathy only. Those patients who took longer to be diagnosed did not recover their renal function, and when biopsied, they were diagnosed with renal tubular disease and light chain deposition disease. Conclusion: We found extended haemodialysis with HCO-HD filters to be a reasonable alternative in ARF caused by renal tubular disease, and achieved a recovery rate of 50% in our cases. Function recovery was influenced by the elapsed time between symptom onset and myeloma diagnosis, histological findings, promptness of starting chemotherapy, response to chemotherapy, and effectiveness of light chain extraction. In any case, further studies are needed to examine new chemotherapy agents and new direct free light chain removal techniques (AU)

Determinantes de salud y políticas públicas: identificación de indicadores de problemas de salud y factores asociados, basada en datos disponibles / Health and public policy determinants: selection of indicators for health problems

Introducción: La planeación en salud requiere de información, que está disponible, pero que no siempre se utiliza. Aunque los sistemas de información en salud aparecieron hace más de tres décadas, las decisiones del sector se dirigen al manejo de enfermedad y no a modificar los factores que la genera. El propósito del estudio fue evaluar la utilidad de datos disponibles en los diferentes sectores, para identificar grupos de población con características similares, asociadas con problemas de salud e identificar marcadores sencillos que orienten la toma de decisiones para solucionarlos. Métodos: Estudio ecológico. Se identificaron, recolectaron y procesaron datos de instituciones públicas y privadas y de estudios recientes. La asociación y correlación entre las diferentes variables permitió identificar aquellas con capacidad para discriminar grupos de población con problemas similares. Resultados: El estrato de vivienda mostró asociación significante con la mayoría de variables y se utilizó para dividir los barrios de la ciudad en cuatro conglomerados. Los barrios pertenecientes a estratos más bajos mostraron deficiencias en vivienda y educación, mayor proporción de población menor de 18 años, promedio de edad de muerte menor, menor estatura y mayor mortalidad perinatal y por accidentes y violencia. En los barrios de nivel medio y alto, se encontraron mejores condiciones de vivienda y tumores y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como las principales causas de muerte. La conexión a servicios públicos fue similar en los hogares de todos los estratos, excepto el teléfono. El promedio ponderado por estrato y por barrio explica más de 80% de la varianza para la mayoría de las variables analizadas. Se propone que este indicador, disponible en forma permanente, se emplee como instrumento para planes locales de desarrollo, con validaciones periódicas a fin de evaluar su capacidad en el tiempo.

Introduction: Health planning requires information from all sectors, usually available, but not used frequently. Information systems in Health appeared more than 3 decades ago but decisions are usually taken on considerations directed to the solution of a manifestation without modification of causal factors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of available data to identify population groups with similar characteristics associated to health problems and to identify simple markers to serve as a basis for decisions directed to solve them. Methods: Ecological study. Data were identified, collected and collated from public institutions and from recent studies for analysis. Association and correlation among the different variables identified those with the capacity to discriminate population groups. Household socio economic stratum had a significant association with most variables and was used to divide "Barrios" in four conglomerates. Results: Lower conglomerates presented deficiencies in household and education, larger proportion of young population, lower mean death age, higher mortality caused by accidents and violence, and lower stature. Middle and higher income conglomerates had better household conditions and the principal cause of death was tumors and chronic diseases. Public services were similar for all except telephone. Weighed household stratum by neighborhood "barrio" explained more that 80% of variance for most variables. It is proposed that this marker, available and easy to obtain, the instrument to define local development plans with periodic validations to evaluate its capacity.

Efecto de la complementación con zinc en la velocidad de crecimiento en niños preescolares / Effect of zinc supplementation on growth velocity of school children

INTRODUCCIÓN: La disminución de las infecciones junto con el consumo de dietas de alta densidad calórica, explica la reducción de la prevalencia de desnutrición observada en encuestas nacionales. El consumo de 50/100 de energía proveniente de grasas y azúcares representa un riesgo de déficit de micronutrientes. OBJETIVO: Evaluar las deficiencias de zinc mediante la respuesta a su administración en la velocidad de crecimiento.MÉTODOS: Estudio doble ciego en 270 niños sanos seleccionados en 9 guarderías, con ingesta de macronutrientes adecuada, de estrato socioeconómico medio-bajo y bajo de Cali, Colombia y que se siguieron mensualmente por un período de 18 meses. Se efectuó valoración antropométrica y dieta, análisis de zinc en sangre y faneros y coprológico inicial. Se evaluó crecimiento (cm/mes) durante 9 meses al final de los cuales se dividieron aleatoriamente en 2 grupos: uno recibió complemento de vitaminas y minerales sin zinc y el otro con 12 mg/día de zinc, durante 8 meses. RESULTADOS: En la primera evaluación se encontraron menos de 2/100 de los niños por debajo de -2 desviaciones de Z de talla-edad. Se encontró un consumo alto de grasa, azúcar y proteína. Hubo un aumento en todos los niños de la media de velocidad con complemento, pero fue mayor en los que recibieron zinc. Los cambios de velocidad ajustados por población de referencia fueron significantes. Las diferencias corresponden a cambios de percentiles en un grupo de niños más que a un efecto general sobre el grupo. El OR de aumento de escore Z de talla con zinc es 1.8 (IC 95/100 1.02-3.12). No hubo diferencia de zinc en sangre o en cabello y uñas (faneros). CONCLUSIÓN: La deficiencia de otros micronutrientes además del zinc, que limitan el crecimiento puede explicar el aumento de velocidad en los dos grupos. Es probable que en niños más desprotegidos la respuesta sea mayor

Evaluación de manifestaciones tempranas de riesgo para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en población escolarizada de Cali-Colombia / Evaluation of early manifestations of chronic no transmitted diseases risk in school population in Cali-Colombia

Colombia presenta cambios en la estructura de población y mortalidad similares a la de la mayoría de los países de América con un nivel avanzado de transición epidemiológica. Las enfermedades crónicas son la primera causa de muerte en los municipios con alta concentración urbana. Con el objetivo de identificar en escolares factores asociados con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles del adulto se efectuó un estudio de la población escolar de Cali estratificando por edad, sexo y estrato socioeconómico(ESE). Por muestreo aleatorio se incluyeron 2.807 escolares de 14 colegios a en quienes se midió antropometría, consumo de alimentos, presión arterial, maduración sexual, capacidad física de trabajo y bioquímica sanguínea. Las medias de talla y peso encontradas fueron inferiores a la referencia internacional y superiores a estudios previos. Por el contrario los de masa corporal fueron superiores. El pico aparente de crecimiento fue 14 años en hombres y 11 en niñas. Madurez, 12 años en mujeres y 16,9 en hombres, menarca a los 11.9 años. La capacidad física de trabajo fue superior en el ESE bajo. Se encontró un porcentaje elevado de dislipidemias, 19,5 por ciento con presión sistólica mayor o igual 120mm. y 24 por ciento con diastólica mayor o igual 70 mm. Consumo de energía y proteína adecuada pero alta en grasas y carbohidratos simples. No existen deficiencias de macronutrientes aunque sí en la ingesta de algunos minerales como calcio y hierro. Los hallazgos indican una población con consumo inadecuado, masa corporal y grasa elevada y dislipidemias, que puede representar riesgo de aumento de enfermedades crónicas en el futuro